清代江西蝗灾时空分布及社会应对

农业社会里,蝗灾是仅次于水灾和旱灾之后的第三大灾害。本文通过整理与查阅大量的地方志后发现,清代江西蝗灾频发,尤以中后期的道光、咸丰朝最为严重,并且在地域分布上呈现出赣北多于赣南的态势。蝗灾多在秋季暴发,夏春次之,且常与旱灾一同发生,给农业社会带来了巨大的打击。清之前,江西向少蝗患,所以捕蝗多以官府号召为主,且措施多由外地传入,故而方法与其他地区类似,了解清代江西的蝗灾,有助于我们对农业灾害防患于未然。     

始知在人不在天：宋代“蝗不为灾”现象的考察

北宋前期蝗灾频频,但常伴有“蝗不为灾”现象,真宗朝以后这种现象消失,南宋时期,仅高宗朝出现过两次。随着宋人对蝗虫生活习性不断深入认识,宋代朝廷一方面保留了蝗虫的祭祀活动,但破除蝗虫的神性;另一方面,在治理蝗灾的政策上,朝廷采取务实的治蝗灭蝗态度,将蝗灾治理推向了法制化和制度化建设。     

A tentative new species Aphanomyces fennicus sp. nov. interferes with molecular diagnostic methods for crayfish plague

Several isolates of an unknown oomycete resembling the genus Aphanomyces were obtained into laboratory culture from samples of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in 2016–2017. The crayfish were kept in cages in connection with a study on an eventually persistent crayfish plague infection in a small Finnish lake, following an acute episode of the disease in 2010. Despite the close resemblance of the isolates to the causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, and the positive results obtained in OIE recommended A. astaci‐specific ITS‐based conventional PCR and qPCR molecular assays, the isolates can be distinguished from A. astaci by morphological features concerning hyphal structure and chlamydospore formation, as well as using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction (RAPD‐PCR) method, microsatellite‐based genotyping, the pathogenicity test and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequencing. The name Aphanomyces fennicus sp. novum is proposed for this close relative of A. astaci. The detection of this tentative novel species giving false‐positive results in existing diagnostic assays for the crayfish plague highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular methods, especially concerning crayfish with low‐level infections, excluding the possibility to verify the results from clinical or sequencing data.     

Persistence of Metarhizium flavoviride and Consequences for Biological Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts

The residual infectivity of an oil formulation of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium flavoviride was measured during a field trial against the rice grasshopper, Hieroglyphus daganensis, in north Benin. The pattern of infectivity was shown to decline exponentially following application, with a half-life of 6·8 days. In this environment, infections due to residual spores from the spray were identified as a key route of infection and accounted for 40–50% of the total infection measured 12 days after application. To examine the within- and between-season consequences of such residual infection, a simple host–pathogen model was developed. The model revealed that even very small increases in residual activity could provide large increases in total mortality and that under certain conditions, residual infection was essential for effective pest control. This aspect of the activity of mycopesticides is rarely considered. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of developing optimum spray strategies for locust and grasshopper control under different ecological conditions. © 1997 SCI.     

探针实时荧光定量PCR检测白藜芦醇体外抗鸭瘟病毒活性方法的建立及应用

建立以TaqMan荧光探针为特点的PCR,检测白藜芦醇体外抗鸭瘟病毒活性。本研究针对鸭瘟病毒UL30基因序列设计特异性引物和TaqMan荧光探针,建立鸭瘟病毒TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并验证方法的特异度、敏感度和稳定性及对临床样品进行检测;运用该方法检测白藜芦醇对鸭胚成纤维细胞接种鸭瘟病毒后细胞中病毒增殖情况的影响,用以评价该药物体外抗鸭瘟病毒效果。结果显示,该方法建立的定量标准曲线阈值循环数（Threshold cycle,Ct）与模板拷贝数呈良好线性关系（R2=0.997）,斜率为-3.328,扩增效率（E）为99.7%,具有良好的特异度、敏感度和稳定性并能对临床样本进行准确的检测。运用该方法检测白藜芦醇体外抗鸭瘟病毒结果显示：经白藜芦醇处理后,染毒细胞中病毒拷贝数为（7.71±0.37）×10^4,与病毒对照组比较（5.63±0.26）×10^6明显减少（P〈0.01）。结果表明,TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR方法建立并成功用于体外药物抗鸭瘟病毒的检测;白藜芦醇具有良好的体外抗鸭瘟病毒活性。     

东亚飞蝗不同食料笼养试验研究

在东亚飞蝗示范试验区内笼养试验结果表明,东亚飞蝗喜食芦苇、稗草等禾本科和莎草科植物,不喜食苜蓿和香花槐等豆科植物,在东亚飞蝗灾区推广种植这两种植物可控制东亚飞蝗的发生。     

口服鸭瘟弱毒苗诱导鸭局部黏膜和系统免疫中IgA、IgM和IgG发生规律研究

为探讨鸭瘟弱毒苗诱导鸭局部黏膜和系统免疫中抗体发生的规律,本研究将鸭瘟病毒Cha株弱毒苗经口免疫20日龄樱桃谷鸭,60 d内定时随机剖杀5只鸭,采集血清、胆汁、气管和消化道(食道、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和直肠)分泌液,应用间接ELISA检测抗DPV的IgAI、gM和IgG滴度(以Log10表示)。结果表明:①血清中检测到IgA、IgM和IgG的时间段分别为9-36、3-15和9-60天,滴度由高到低为IgG、IgM和IgA;②胆汁中检测到IgAI、gM和IgG的时间段分别为6-15、9-12和12-36天,滴度由高到低为IgA、IgG和IgM;③气管中检测到IgA、IgM和IgG的时间段分别为6-60、3-12和9-27天,滴度由高到低为IgAI、gM和IgG;④食道中检测到IgAI、gM和IgG的时间段分别为3-60、3-27和9-60天,滴度由高到低为IgA、IgM和IgG;⑤各肠段抗体滴度由高到低及相应检测到的时间段:十二指肠中为IgA(3-60天)I、gM(3-15天)和IgG(9-27天);空肠中为IgA(6-60天)I、gM(6-12天)和IgG(9-36天);回肠中为IgA(9-60天)、IgM(6-9天)和IgG(15-21天);盲肠中为IgA(6-60天)I、gG(12-36天)和IgM(6天);直肠中为IgA(3-60天)I、gG(12-21天)和IgM(6天)。结果显示,鸭瘟弱毒疫苗经口免疫鸭后,IgM和IgG分别是系统免疫中体液免疫的先锋抗体和主要抗体;IgA、IgG和IgM在胆汁中存留时间短;IgA是气管和消化道中的主要抗体。     

鸭2型疱疹病毒的分子生物学依据

鸭2型疱疹病毒，是一种可侵害番鸭、半番鸭等不同品种鸭的疱疹病毒科新成员，经生物学特性测定、血清学试验及致病性试验表明该病毒不同于鸭瘟病毒。采用SDS-PAGE分析表明该病毒的结构蛋白带有14条，主要结构蛋白带有7条，其分子量分别为310、163、95、79、69、39、15KD，不同于鸭瘟病毒。依据鸭瘟病毒UL6基因的序列，设计了一对引物，经PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明只有鸭瘟病毒核酸提取物可扩增出大约420bp的DNA片段，而鸭2型疱疹病毒核酸提取物、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒核酸提取物和正常细胞培养物均未扩增出目的基因片段，可见鸭2型疱疹病毒与鸭瘟病毒在DNA分子水平上也存在差异。本研究揭示了该病毒与鸭瘟病毒在结构蛋白和核酸水平上的差异，进一步表明该病毒不同于鸭瘟病毒，为该病毒的确切分类提供了分子生物学依据。     

层次分析法求解治理蝗灾的最优策略

当蝗灾发生时，需要迅速有效地控制灾情，防止灾情扩大，并要找出最经济的治理策略。同时，标本兼治的治理方法一直是农业部门多年关注的重点。考虑到蝗灾的不同种类特点及现有治理蝗灾各种方法的不同侧重点，综合当地的具体情况，运用层次分析法给出衡量各个治理方法的权重指标和对比运算公式，最后根据最近的灾情情况进行验证，并对结果加以分析。     

间接ELISA检测新型鸭瘟病毒抗体

以50%饱和度的硫酸铵粗提病毒,再经Sephadex G-200过柱层析纯化了新型鸭瘟病毒,以此作为包被抗原,并用自制油苗免疫雏鸭,获得了高效价的血清抗体,又经过各种条件优化,建立了检测血清抗体的间接ELISA方法.经对不同发病日龄和免疫油苗后雏鸭的血清检测,证明该检测方法有很高的敏感性、特异性和重复性,可作为快速诊断该病的一种可靠方法.